Produce testing program faces cut

Congress is moving to eliminate the only national program that regularly screens U.S. fruits and vegetables for the type of E. coli that recently caused a deadly outbreak in Germany.

The House last month approved a bill that would end funding for the 10-year-old Microbiological Data Program, which tests about 15,000 annual samples of vulnerable produce such as sprouts, lettuce, spinach, tomatoes, cantaloupes and cilantro for pathogens including salmonella and E. coli.

Over the past two years, its findings have triggered at least 19 produce recalls, according to the Food and Drug Administration.

The commercial produce industry, which has long expressed concerns about the program, this spring suggested ending its $4.5 million funding. In a memo to Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack, the USDA’s Fruit and Vegetable Industry Advisory Committee complained about “unnecessary recalls” and asked if the funds would be “better utilized elsewhere.”

Industry representatives call the program duplicative, suggesting that similar screening is done by other agencies. “We’re in a budget climate right now that is looking for a lot of cuts,” said Kathy Means of the Produce Marketing Association. “I think there are other programs out there. So we would not be left in a lurch if the MDP is not out there.”

But defenders of the program note that no other agency tests the same breadth of produce for pathogens. For example, the FDA typically spot-checks about 1,000 samples a year, compared with 15,000 for the Microbiological Data Program. In addition, the only E. coli the FDA tests for is the O157 H7 strain, but the MDP also tests for non-O157 strains that include the strains of E. coli that contaminated sprouts in Europe, killing 44 people and sickening 3,700.

Eliminating the program “may serve the interests of agribusiness, but it’s a serious disservice to consumers and public health,” said Ken Cook, president of the consumer advocacy organization the Environmental Working Group. “Since when does it make sense not to check food for potentially deadly pathogens?”

The question now moves to the Senate, which will be crafting its version of the discretionary spending bill for FDA and USDA programs over the next few months.

The Microbiological Data Program was started as a sister program to the equally controversial Pesticide Data Program, which monitors pesticide levels on produce. Both work with several states to voluntarily test produce at distribution points. And both are run out of the USDA’s Agricultural Marketing Service, which is partially funded by industry fees and designed to promote U.S. produce. Although both programs create data that largely affirms the safety of produce, they’ve drawn criticism from industry interests for their potential to share data that could harm growers.

Those critics say the pathogen testing program has overstepped its original mandate to monitor pathogens in produce, collect data and calculate a baseline of contamination levels from which to measure improvement.

“We thought that was fine and those were good things to do,” said David Gombas of United Fresh Produce, a major industry association. “But over time it got twisted and it turned into a regulatory program where they were finding contamination and turning it over to the FDA and causing recalls.”

Although sharing data with other public health agencies was part of the Microbiological Data Program’s original mandate, the spring memo from the produce growers urged the USDA to cease using the program’s data “as an enforcement tool.” It also alleged that past recalls have been triggered by “single samples” of contaminated produce.

“That was not the original design of the program,” said Hank Giclas, senior vice president of science and technology at Western Growers, which ships much of the nation’s produce. “It was not designed as a regulatory program. They need to focus on how we can identify the vulnerable areas and offer recommendations on how we can improve food safety.”

Staffers with the testing program were not authorized to comment on the pending legislation, but USDA representatives stress that they don’t make decisions about whether to request a recall. The FDA does.

Leaving the regulatory issues aside, many food safety experts agree that the testing program fills an important need by maintaining an unbiased database on produce contamination – an increasingly crucial but under-studied area of food safety. While much funding and attention have gone toward tracking pathogens in meat and dairy (the USDA’s Food Safety and Inspection Service has a budget exceeding $900 million for those areas), relatively little is known about pathogens in produce, said Robert Tauxe, deputy director of the Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

“Over the last several decades it’s become clear that fresh produce is an increasing part of the food (safety) problem,” Tauxe said. “In contrast to the pathogen data available for meat and poultry … there is essentially nothing on produce, and MDP is an attempt to create that.”

Supporters also say the Microbiological Data Program is the only national program that regularly screens for the kinds of deadly E. coli strains that took European scientists by surprise and are of increasing concern.

“If I were a producer of fresh produce I would want to have the program so I could know if there were problems in my product and I could correct the situation,” said Michael Doyle, a former scientist with the program who is now director of the Center for Food Safety at the University of Georgia. “But as a public health official and as a consumer I also believe it’s very important to keep this program going.”

Giclas counters that often “positive (pathogen) samples don’t equate to any illness in the marketplace at all.” The industry’s memo expressed concern over “unnecessary product recalls that do not contribute to the protection of the public health, undermine consumer confidence in the safety of the produce supply chain, discourages the consumption of produce … and damages the reputation of the farmers growing … the produce along with financial injury.”