Iran grows nuclear prowess

WASHINGTON – The United Nations’ nuclear watchdog agency is expected to report next week that Iran has significantly expanded its uranium enrichment capability at its Fordow facility, according to U.S. officials and others briefed on the finding. The move could shorten the time Tehran would need to build a nuclear weapon.

“My understanding is that work at the Fordow facility has been dramatically intensified,” said Ray Takeyh, an Iran expert at the Council on Foreign Relations.

“There are now 1,500 centrifuges completed, up from 700,” he said, though the new centrifuges are not believed to be working yet.

The Fordow facility, tucked into the mountains near the holy city of Qom, was secretly built deep underground to withstand an air attack. Iran acknowledged its existence in 2009 after it was discovered by U.S. intelligence.

Disclosure of increased enrichment capacity at Fordow is likely to heighten concern in Israel, whose leaders have publicly worried that Iran is approaching a “zone of immunity” in which its nuclear program could not be significantly derailed by an Israeli military attack.

The United States has bunker-busting bombs that might be able to destroy equipment far underground at the Fordow facility, but Israel lacks that capability, Takeyh said.

Iran denies that its nuclear program is anything but peaceful, saying the nation has no intention of building a nuclear weapon. But it has defied international demands to stop enriching uranium, and as a result it is the subject of increasingly punishing economic sanctions.

Iran is also steadily enriching uranium at a separate facility, Natanz. That facility appears to have recovered from disruptions caused by Stuxnet, a computer worm believed to have been introduced by the United States and Israel that damaged uranium enrichment centrifuges at Natanz and elsewhere.

Although the U.S. intelligence community does not believe Iran has made a decision to build a bomb, Iran continues to enrich uranium to 20 percent purity, a level that would allow it to quickly produce weapons-grade nuclear fuel of 80 percent purity.

At its current pace, by next year Iran may be able to produce enough fuel for a bomb within two months, said David Albright, who follows Iran’s nuclear program closely for the Institute for Science and International Security. Fairly soon after that, as Iran continues to add to its centrifuge capacity, the time will be reduced to one month, he said in an interview.

“You will see much shorter breakout times coming into play early next year or late this year,” he said, referring to the time Iran would need should it choose to rush to build a nuclear weapon. “You have this growing enrichment capability that starts to get the breakout down to an order of a month.”

To make weapons-grade fuel, however, Iran would have to kick out inspectors from the International Atomic Energy Agency, a move that would risk a military strike by either Israel or the United States.

Also unclear is to what extent Iran has mastered the other technical challenges involved in building a weapon, such as nuclear triggers.

That is why U.S. intelligence assessment remains that Iran is one to two years away from being able to build a bomb, said a former senior U.S. official whose work focused on Iran. He declined to be identified while speaking about sensitive intelligence matters.

Nonetheless, the intelligence agencies’ assessment is that Iran is making progress on research that will shorten the time required to produce a bomb if the country’s top leaders make that decision, said a U.S. official regularly briefed on the matter.

“It’s clear that the Iranians are racing against the clock,” the official said. “They clearly have picked up their pace in certain areas.”

He said Iran is “pursuing the research and science on all three components of the program”: nuclear enrichment, weaponization and a delivery system.