Justices show splits on ’96 marriage act

WASHINGTON – The federal Defense of Marriage Act may be hanging by a thread after a Supreme Court oral argument Wednesday exposed sharp divisions over the 1996 law prohibiting same-sex married couples from obtaining myriad federal benefits.

A day after confronting California’s Proposition 8, which bans same-sex marriage, justices showed similar splits over whether the federal government may deny benefits to couples married in the states that recognize gay marriage. The division during an unusually long oral argument largely fell along traditional lines, with Justice Anthony Kennedy once again holding the middle ground.

“You are at real risk of running in conflict with what has always been thought to be the essence of the state police power, which is to regulate marriage, divorce, custody,” Kennedy told the attorney who was defending the federal law.

Kennedy’s questions and asides during the nearly two-hour argument hinted that he might join the court’s liberal wing in striking down the portion of the Defense of Marriage Act that prohibits same-sex couples from receiving federal benefits. Other portions of the law, including one that allows states not to recognize gay marriages performed in other states, aren’t being challenged.

Justice Elena Kagan, the newest justice appointed by President Barack Obama, clearly articulated the liberal position, quoting from a House of Representatives report explaining that the 1996 law was meant to convey “moral disapproval of homosexuality.” One of the law’s chief backers, Sen. Tom Coburn, R-Okla., elaborated during House debate at the time that homosexual conduct was “based on perversion and based on lust.”

“When Congress targets a group that is not everybody’s favorite group in the world, do we think that Congress’ judgment was infected by dislike, by fear, by animus and so forth?” Kagan asked the attorney who was supporting the law.

She said there was “a pretty good red flag that that’s what was going on.”

From the other side, Chief Justice John Roberts joined Justice Antonin Scalia in sounding sympathetic to the law, which defines marriage so that more than 1,100 federal benefits flow only to traditional, opposite-sex couples.

Roberts expressed doubt that Congress “had in mind same-sex couples” when it wrote “every one of those provisions.”

The case, United States v. Windsor, posed two basic questions:

The first, debated for about 50 minutes, was whether House Republicans have the legal authority to defend the 1996 federal law now that the Obama administration has abandoned it. The second, hashed over for about 60 minutes, was whether the law violates the equal protection guarantees of the Constitution.

As with the California case, justices first puzzled over whether they should even be considering the Defense of Marriage Act case. Because the Obama administration no longer defends the law in court, House Republican leaders have funded its appellate defense. Tough questioning Wednesday brought out possible problems with this approach, including the fact that neither the Senate nor House Democrats agreed to join the House Republicans in defending the law.

“From where do they derive the right, the statutory right, to take on that responsibility of representing the House in items outside of the House?” Justice Sonia Sotomayor asked.

The Obama administration’s refusal to defend the law, even though officials say they’ll enforce it until it’s struck down, drew scornful comments from conservative justices, with Roberts suggesting that Obama “doesn’t have the courage of his convictions.” Still, a majority of justices seemed inclined to accept the case so they might rule on the merits.

Section 3 of the Defense of Marriage Act declares that, for the purposes of providing federal benefits, marriage is “only a legal union between one man and one woman as husband and wife” and a spouse is only a “person of the opposite sex who is a husband or a wife.”

The law means that an estimated 1,138 federal benefits that are provided to opposite-sex married couples are denied to same-sex married couples. These range from rights related to taxes and welfare to those of employment and immigration. A same-sex military couple, for instance, is denied housing, health insurance and disability benefits, and is not eligible for burial alongside each other in a national cemetery.

“It affects every aspect of life,” Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg said.

Attorney Paul Clement, hired by House Republican leaders to defend the law, said it was simply meant to bring uniformity to a federal definition of marriage, thereby helping states. That argument didn’t persuade some, with Justice Stephen Breyer telling Clement that “you’re saying uniform treatment is good enough, no matter how odd it is, no matter how irrational.”

When it passed, the Defense of Marriage Act was politically inviolable. It passed the House 342-67 and the Senate 85-14. Among its supporters was then-Sen. Joe Biden, D-Del., who’s now the vice president. Several justices and attorneys agreed Wednesday that public and political attitudes have changed since then, though what that means for the Supreme Court’s decision is unclear.

“As far as I can tell, political figures are falling over themselves to endorse your position,” Roberts told the attorney for the woman who’s challenged the law.

The case came about because of Edith Windsor, a computer programmer who fell in love with a psychologist named Thea Clara Spyer in 1963. They remained a couple until Spyer died in 2009. The women had married in Canada in 2007, but the Defense of Marriage Act prohibited Windsor from receiving a deduction afforded married couples. She had to pay $363,053 in estate taxes, and the Internal Revenue Service denied her refund request.

The Obama administration initially defended the federal law, as is customary for administrations, but it stopped in February 2011. In its place, House Republicans have funded the defense of the statute through what’s called the Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group.

A decision is expected by June.