Japan wrestles with energy crisis
TOKYO – The first pitch of Japan’s baseball season has been pushed back so that people don’t waste gasoline driving to games. When the season does start, most night games will be switched to daytime so as not to squander electricity. There’ll be no extra innings.
Tokyo’s iconic electronic billboards have been switched off. Trash is piling up in many northern Japanese cities because garbage trucks don’t have gasoline. Public buildings go unheated. Factories are closed, in large part because of rolling blackouts and because employees can’t drive to work with empty tanks.
This is what happens when a 21st-century country runs critically low on energy. The March 11 earthquake and tsunami have thrust much of Japan into an unaccustomed dark age that could drag on for up to a year.
“It is dark enough to be a little scary. … To my generation, it is unthinkable to have a shortage of electricity,” said Naoki Takano, a 25-year-old pony-tailed salesman at Tower Records in Tokyo’s Shibuya district, in normal times infused by pulsing neon lights.
The store has switched off its elevators and the big screen out front that used to play music videos late into the night, a situation that Takano expects to last until summer.
Two-pronged problem
Japan’s energy crisis is taking place on two fronts: The explosions at the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear compound and the shutdown of other nuclear plants owned by Tokyo Electric Power Co. have reduced the supply of electricity to the capital by nearly 30 percent.
Nine oil refineries also were damaged, including one in Chiba, near Tokyo, which burned spectacularly on television, creating shortages of gasoline and heating oil. Gasoline lines in the northern part of Honshu, Japan’s main island, extend for miles. About 30 percent of the gas stations in the Tokyo area are closed because they have nothing to sell.
Economists say it is difficult to parse out how much is the result of actual scarcity and how much comes from hoarding.
“We are close to getting back to the gasoline capacity we had before the earthquake, but we are hearing demand has been two- to threefold the normal volume,” said Takashi Kono of the policy planning division in the natural resources and fuel department at the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry. “With that much demand, of course we’re looking at a shortage.”
The U.S. military has allocated up to 250,000 gallons of gasoline and 250,000 gallons of diesel for use in the relief operation.
Energy analysts expect the gasoline crisis to ease in the coming weeks as supply lines reopen and panic buying subsides. The electricity shortage, however, is likely to linger for months and might get worse as the weather warms up and people try to turn on their air conditioners.
Tokyo’s Asahi Shimbun newspaper on Tuesday quoted an unnamed senior official of Tokyo Electric, which serves 28 million customers, as saying rolling blackouts could last a year.
Electricity is the talk of the town. Newspaper readers pore over detailed schedules of the rolling blackouts printed on the back pages. Many movie theaters are closed, companies have switched off unnecessary lights and advertising, restricted use of elevators and shortened working hours.
Lack of supplies
For now, gasoline shortages are disrupting both daily life and relief efforts.
In Akita, a city 280 miles north of Tokyo, the few gas stations that are open have lines extending as long as a mile and limit purchases to 4 gallons. It would hardly be worth the wait, except that people want gas for emergencies – for example, if they need to flee radiation from the crippled nuclear plant.
The lack of gasoline for the delivery trucks has aggravated shortages of key products, especially milk, bread, batteries, toilet paper and mineral water.
“You can’t buy anything, you can’t go anywhere, you can’t do anything. We’re basically hanging out at home,” said Megumi Fukatsu, an accounting student in Akita.
Some of those left homeless by the quake and tsunami still have cars but can’t use them, while relatives who would otherwise rescue them don’t have the gas to reach the coastal areas. People trying to flee the nuclear plant in Fukushima weren’t able to do so because their gas tanks were empty.
Around Japan, a sympathetic public has been energized to help out earthquake victims with collections of clothing, blankets and food. But it has no way of getting the aid to victims.
“Everybody is willing to donate. How we will drive this stuff to the coast, I don’t know,” said Noriyuki Miyakwa, a 19-year-old from Akita who was stuffing thick, fuzzy sweaters into cartons at a community center.
A spur for efficiency
The electricity shortage will be harder to fix.
Besides the damage to the nuclear reactors, two thermal power plants were knocked out by the earthquake. And the energy grid in Japan is split in two, a peculiarity that means the energy-starved north cannot borrow from the south.
On the baseball diamond, Japan’s Pacific League, which has a team in Sendai near the quake epicenter, has pushed back its season opener until April 12 to allow for rebuilding and energy conservation. The Central League has delayed its opener by only four days, until Tuesday. Both agreed to avoid night games and extra innings.
If there is a silver lining to the crisis, energy analysts say, it will be an awakening in Japan about energy efficiency and conservation.
“It is going to be a different world,” said David Von Hippel, an energy analyst with the Nautilus Institute for Security and Sustainability, a think tank. He predicts that the catastrophic nuclear accident at Fukushima will turn Japanese public opinion against nuclear power and force the nation to look more closely at energy efficiency. “They’d done a very good job at improving efficiency in the first two oil shocks in 1974 and 1979, but since 2000, the curve has been pretty flat.”
With energy twice as expensive as in the United States, Japan is a world leader in energy-efficient appliances, but homes here are often poorly insulated and bright lights are kept on late into the night for advertising. “You see these all-night vending machines lit up 24/7,” Von Hippel said.
Yoko Ogata, 68, of Akita, said that young Japanese will have to take a cue from the generation that remembers the deprivation after World War II.
“The young people take it all for granted. They don’t know how to cope with shortages the way that we do,” Ogata said.
The scope of the disaster does appear to be motivating the younger generation to take action. Students at Meiji Gakuin University in Tokyo organized a campaign for earlier bedtimes to save electricity.
“Lights out at 9 p.m.!” wrote the students on Mixi, Japan’s most popular social networking site. If “I go to bed three hours early, and I did this for a week, that means I would have saved 21 hours – almost a full day of electricity – and I can pass that energy on.”