Study links diet soda to childhood overweight

Could diet soda be fueling the rise of childhood obesity?

A new study of more than 3,000 Canadian children and their mothers finds a strong link between the amount of artificially sweetened beverages the women drank during pregnancy and the body mass index of their babies.

Compared with women who stayed away from the drinks while they were pregnant, those who consumed them on a daily basis were twice as likely to have their babies classified as overweight when they celebrated their first birthday, according to a report published Monday in JAMA Pediatrics.

Researchers also found that when mothers had a daily habit of drinking beverages flavored with artificial sweeteners during pregnancy, their 1-year-olds had BMI z-scores that were significantly higher than those of their counterparts. (The z-score is a statistic that measures how much a child’s BMI deviates from the average for children of the same age and gender.)

However, the researchers could not find any link between consumption of high-calorie sugar-sweetened beverages during pregnancy and the risk that a baby would be overweight at age 1.

“To our knowledge, our results provide the first human evidence that artificial sweetener consumption during pregnancy may increase the risk of early childhood overweight,” wrote the authors of the study, which was led by Meghan Azad of the University of Manitoba in Canada.

Some evidence for a link between prenatal exposure to artificial sweeteners and excess weight gain after birth has been found in animals, the authors noted. To see whether the same might be true in people, they turned to data on 3,033 mother-child pairs who participated in the Canadian Healthy Infant Longitudinal Development study.

All of the mothers completed a food frequency questionnaire detailing the foods and drinks they consumed while they were pregnant. Nearly 90 percent of the babies got checkups one year after they were born.

Among the moms, 30 percent said they drank artificially sweetened beverages while they were pregnant, including 5 percent who said they did so every day. In addition to diet soda, these drinks included coffee and tea sweetened with packets of Equal, Splenda and the like.

The 30 percent of women who consumed these no-calorie sweeteners were different from the rest of the moms in other ways as well. For instance, they had higher BMIs and were more likely to be smokers. When their babies were born, they didn’t breastfeed for as long and introduced solid foods earlier.

But even when the researchers controlled for all those differences, they still found a significant correlation between daily consumption of artificially sweetened beverages and their babies’ BMI. After considering the effects on boys and girls separately, they found that the link was only significant in boys.

Intriguingly, whether or not mothers opted for diet drinks during pregnancy had no effect on their babies’ weight at birth. To the researchers, this finding suggests that the influence – if any – of artificial sweeteners comes into play not during fetal development but after the infant is born.

The incidence of childhood obesity has been rising steadily for decades, and studies identifying more than 1 in 5 preschoolers as overweight or obese show that the path begins at a very young age. With more than half of Americans consuming artificial sweeteners – many in an attempt to reverse or prevent obesity – the temptation to connect the dots is strong.