Johnson & Johnson can’t use bankruptcy to resolve more than 40,000 cancer lawsuits over its baby powder, a federal appeals court ruled.

The three-judge panel in Philadelphia sided with cancer victims, who argued that J&J wrongly put its specially created unit, LTL Management, under court protection to block juries around the country from hearing the lawsuits.

The ruling means J&J will most likely need to defend itself against claims that tainted talc in its baby powder causes cancer. The company has lost a number of such cases – including one that was appealed all the way to the U.S. Supreme Court, before J&J was forced to pay more than $2 billion to one group of victims.

Shares of J&J dropped 3.7% Monday to close at $162 on the New York Stock Exchange.

The judges found that only companies that are directly threatened with financial troubles can use bankruptcy. Since J&J itself never claimed to be in immediate danger, it can’t benefit from Chapter 11 of the bankruptcy code by putting a unit under court protection, the judges found.

“Good intentions – such as to protect the J&J brand or comprehensively resolve litigation – do not suffice alone,” to file for bankruptcy, Judge Thomas Ambro wrote. “What counts to access the Bankruptcy Code’s safe harbor is to meet its intended purposes. Only a putative debtor in financial distress can do so. LTL was not. Thus we dismiss its petition.”

J&J will challenge the ruling, the company said in a statement. The bankruptcy was filed in good faith to “equitably resolve” talc claims, the company said.

J&J can now ask that all judges on the Philadelphia appeals court hear their appeal of the three-judge panel’s decision. If that’s denied, the company has the right to ask the U.S. Supreme Court to hear its arguments that the Chapter 11 case should be allowed to proceed.

“The doors to the courthouse, which had been slammed shut by J&J’s cynical legal strategy, are once again open,” said Leigh O’Dell, a lawyer representing thousands of talc users whose claims have been consolidated in New Jersey for pretrial information exchanges. Plaintiff lawyers will be scrambling to get talc suits back on trial dockets across the U.S. in the wake of the appeals court’s ruling, O’Dell said.

The ruling may drive a settlement, according to Holly Froum, a litigation analyst for Bloomberg Intelligence. A settlement of the more-than 40,000 suits could total $5 billion, according to Froum, who pegged the chances of a deal at 70% in a note Monday.

After its major talc litigation loss, J&J developed a new legal strategy designed to block the cases from trial and force claimants to negotiate in the Chapter 11 case of LTL.

In 2021, the health care giant used a legal maneuver, known as the Texas Two-Step, to funnel the suits into a new unit without any operations. That unit, LTL, immediately filed for bankruptcy to block the litigation while trying to negotiate settlements. Cancer victims claim tainted talc in J&J’s iconic baby powder made them sick and want the federal appeals court to let their lawsuits go forward instead of being resolved as part of LTL’s Chapter 11 case.

J&J has long argued that there is no good scientific evidence linking its baby powder to cancer. The company argued LTL’s case was the only way of managing talc litigation costs and ensuring victims get a fair payment.

U.S. Bankruptcy Judge Michael Kaplan, who is based in Trenton, New Jersey – not far from J & ‘s headquarters in New Brunswick – ruled last year that LTL’s bankruptcy was legitimate and a better solution than continuing to have juries weigh claims nationwide. Cancer claimants appealed Kaplan’s decision.

A handful of companies, including Koch Industries’ Georgia-Pacific unit, used the strategy before J&J. Those cases remain in bankruptcy court in North Carolina. The Philadelphia court’s decision will not have any direct impact on the North Carolina cases.

Last year, a bankruptcy judge in Indianapolis refused to halt about 230,000 lawsuits against 3M even though its subsidiary, Aearo Technologies, had filed a legitimate Chapter 11 case. 3M has appealed that decision.

LTL’s bankruptcy was the first Texas Two-Step to reach an appeals court. After victim groups challenged Kaplan’s ruling, the appeals court in Philadelphia agreed to expedite the case.

J&J’s strategy has been condemned by some legal scholars and members of Congress because the company received a major benefit of Chapter 11 rules – a halt to lawsuits – without filing for bankruptcy, where it would be subject to court oversight of its spending and other practices.

The handful of the companies that have used the strategy since it emerged in 2017 have faced suits targeting their use of asbestos, a toxic industrial material. The cases take advantage of special rules set up by Congress for companies threatened with insolvency by such litigation.

The J&J bankruptcy case is LTL Management LLC, 21-30589, U.S. Bankruptcy Court, District of New Jersey (Trenton).