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A Look Ahead: How States Vote

By Charles Apple

Even just seven weeks before Election Day, many election experts seem tentative about their guesses how the presidential election might turn. There have been more moving pieces that in most years: Donald Trump’s various legal issues and then Joe Biden dropping out of the race in June.

Keep in mind: A lot of experts expected a Hillary Clinton victory in 2016, so take the projections below with a giant helping of salt. Also: Experts think the vote could be very close. We may not know the winner for several days after Election Day.

Here's a look at how states have voted for the past forty years, dating back to Reagan versus Carter in the 1980s.

Note: The chart can be scrolled from left to right in order to see more data. States shown as both red and blue are those that split their electoral college votes, rather than awarding them all to a single candidate.
State Votes 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020
Alabama 9 Reagan Reagan Bush Bush Dole Bush Bush McCain Romney Trump Trump
Alaska 3 Reagan Reagan Bush Bush Dole Bush Bush McCain Romney Trump Trump
Arizona 11 Reagan Reagan Bush Bush Clinton Bush Bush McCain Romney Trump Biden
Arkansas 6 Reagan Reagan Bush Clinton Clinton Bush Bush McCain Romney Trump Trump
California 54 Reagan Reagan Bush Clinton Clinton Gore Kerry Obama Obama Clinton Biden
Colorado 10 Reagan Reagan Bush Clinton Dole Bush Bush Obama Obama Clinton Biden
Connecticut 7 Reagan Reagan Bush Clinton Clinton Gore Kerry Obama Obama Clinton Biden
Delaware 3 Reagan Reagan Bush Clinton Clinton Gore Kerry Obama Obama Clinton Biden
D.C. 3 Carter Mondale Dukakis Clinton Clinton Gore Kerry Obama Obama Clinton Biden
Florida 30 Reagan Reagan Bush Bush Clinton Bush Bush Obama Obama Trump Trump
Georgia 16 Carter Reagan Bush Clinton Dole Bush Bush McCain Romney Trump Biden
Hawaii 4 Carter Reagan Dukakis Clinton Clinton Gore Kerry Obama Obama Clinton Biden
Idaho 4 Reagan Reagan Bush Bush Dole Bush Bush McCain Romney Trump Trump
Illinois 19 Reagan Reagan Bush Clinton Clinton Gore Kerry Obama Obama Clinton Biden
Indiana 11 Reagan Reagan Bush Bush Dole Bush Bush Obama Romney Trump Trump
Iowa 6 Reagan Reagan Dukakis Clinton Clinton Gore Bush Obama Obama Trump Trump
Kansas 6 Reagan Reagan Bush Bush Dole Bush Bush McCain Romney Trump Trump
Kentucky 8 Reagan Reagan Bush Clinton Clinton Bush Bush McCain Romney Trump Trump
Louisiana 8 Reagan Reagan Bush Clinton Clinton Bush Bush McCain Romney Trump Trump
Maine 4 Reagan Reagan Bush Clinton Clinton Gore Kerry Obama Obama Clinton Biden
Maryland 10 Carter Reagan Bush Clinton Clinton Gore Kerry Obama Obama Clinton Biden
Massachusetts 11 Reagan Reagan Dukakis Clinton Clinton Gore Kerry Obama Obama Clinton Biden
Michigan 15 Reagan Reagan Bush Clinton Clinton Gore Kerry Obama Obama Trump Biden
Minnesota 10 Carter Mondale Dukakis Clinton Clinton Gore Kerry Obama Obama Clinton Biden
Mississippi 6 Reagan Reagan Bush Bush Dole Bush Bush McCain Romney Trump Trump
Missouri 10 Reagan Reagan Bush Clinton Clinton Bush Bush McCain Romney Trump Trump
Montana 4 Reagan Reagan Bush Clinton Dole Bush Bush McCain Romney Trump Trump
Nebraska 5 Reagan Reagan Bush Bush Dole Bush Bush McCain Romney Trump Trump
Nevada 6 Reagan Reagan Bush Clinton Clinton Bush Bush Obama Obama Clinton Biden
New Hampshire 4 Reagan Reagan Bush Clinton Clinton Bush Kerry Obama Obama Clinton Biden
New Jersey 14 Reagan Reagan Bush Clinton Clinton Gore Kerry Obama Obama Clinton Biden
New Mexico 5 Reagan Reagan Bush Clinton Clinton Gore Bush Obama Obama Clinton Biden
New York 28 Reagan Reagan Dukakis Clinton Clinton Gore Kerry Obama Obama Clinton Biden
North Carolina 16 Reagan Reagan Bush Bush Dole Bush Bush Obama Romney Trump Trump
North Dakota 3 Reagan Reagan Bush Bush Dole Bush Bush McCain Romney Trump Trump
Ohio 17 Reagan Reagan Bush Clinton Clinton Bush Bush Obama Obama Trump Trump
Oklahoma 7 Reagan Reagan Bush Bush Dole Bush Bush McCain Romney Trump Trump
Oregon 8 Reagan Reagan Dukakis Clinton Clinton Gore Kerry Obama Obama Clinton Biden
Pennsylvania 19 Reagan Reagan Bush Clinton Clinton Gore Kerry Obama Obama Trump Biden
Rhode Island 4 Carter Reagan Dukakis Clinton Clinton Gore Kerry Obama Obama Clinton Biden
South Carolina 9 Reagan Reagan Bush Bush Dole Bush Bush McCain Romney Trump Trump
South Dakota 3 Reagan Reagan Bush Bush Dole Bush Bush McCain Romney Trump Trump
Tennessee 11 Reagan Reagan Bush Clinton Clinton Bush Bush McCain Romney Trump Trump
Texas 40 Reagan Reagan Bush Bush Dole Bush Bush McCain Romney Trump Trump
Utah 6 Reagan Reagan Bush Bush Dole Bush Bush McCain Romney Trump Trump
Vermont 3 Reagan Reagan Bush Clinton Clinton Gore Kerry Obama Obama Clinton Biden
Virginia 13 Reagan Reagan Bush Bush Dole Bush Bush Obama Obama Clinton Biden
Washington 12 Reagan Reagan Dukakis Clinton Clinton Gore Kerry Obama Obama Clinton Biden
West Virginia 4 Carter Reagan Dukakis Clinton Clinton Bush Bush McCain Romney Trump Trump
Wisconsin 10 Reagan Reagan Dukakis Clinton Clinton Gore Kerry Obama Obama Trump Biden
Wyoming 3 Reagan Reagan Bush Bush Dole Bush Bush McCain Romney Trump Trump

The data show that 12 states (Alabama, Alaska, Idaho, Kansas, Mississippi, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Carolina, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, and Wyoming) have voted reliably Republican for the last 40 years while only two jurisdictions -- Minnesota and the District of Columbia -- have voted a straight Democrat ticket during the same period.

Meanwhile, Colorado, Iowa, and Nevada have proved to be the most variable, followed by battleground states Michigan, New Hampshire, New Mexico, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Virginia.

Predictions for the 2024 Election

Here's a look at what the pundits are predicting for the 2024 election. (Editor's Note, March 2025: We've added the actual 2024 results, so you can check their work.)

State Votes Cook Political Report Larry Sabato's Crystal Ball Nate Silver's Five Thirty Eight Real Clear Politics 270 To Win 2024 Results
Alabama 9 Trump Trump Trump Trump Trump Trump
Alaska 3 Trump Trump Trump Trump Trump Trump
Arizona 11 Toss up Toss up Toss up Toss up Trump Trump
Arkansas 6 Trump Trump Trump Trump Trump Trump
California 54 Harris Harris Harris Harris Harris Harris
Colorado 10 Harris Harris Harris Harris Harris Harris
Connecticut 7 Harris Harris Harris Harris Harris Harris
Delaware 3 Harris Harris Harris Harris Harris Harris
D.C. 3 Harris Harris Harris Harris Harris Harris
Florida 30 Toss up Trump Trump Trump Trump Trump
Georgia 16 Trump Toss up Toss up Toss up Toss up Trump
Hawaii 4 Harris Harris Harris Harris Harris Harris
Idaho 4 Trump Trump Trump Trump Trump Trump
Illinois 19 Harris Harris Harris Harris Harris Harris
Indiana 11 Trump Trump Trump Trump Trump Trump
Iowa 6 Trump Trump Trump Trump Trump Trump
Kansas 6 Trump Trump Trump Trump Trump Trump
Kentucky 8 Trump Trump Trump Trump Trump Trump
Louisiana 8 Trump Trump Trump Trump Trump Trump
Maine 4 Harris Harris Harris Harris Harris Harris
Maryland 10 Harris Harris Harris Harris Harris Harris
Massachusetts 11 Harris Harris Harris Harris Trump Harris
Michigan 15 Toss up Toss up Toss up Toss up Toss up Trump
Minnesota 10 Harris Harris Harris Harris Harris Harris
Mississippi 6 Trump Trump Trump Trump Trump Trump
Missouri 10 Trump Trump Trump Trump Trump Trump
Montana 4 Trump Trump Trump Trump Trump Trump
Nebraska 5 Trump Trump Trump Trump Trump Trump
Nevada 6 Toss up Toss up Toss up Toss up Toss up Trump
New Hampshire 4 Harris Harris Harris Toss up Harris Harris
New Jersey 14 Harris Harris Harris Harris Harris Harris
New Mexico 5 Harris Harris Harris Harris Harris Harris
New York 28 Harris Harris Harris Harris Harris Harris
North Carolina 16 Trump Toss up Toss up Toss up Toss up Trump
North Dakota 3 Trump Trump Trump Trump Trump Trump
Ohio 17 Trump Trump Trump Trump Trump Trump
Oklahoma 7 Harris Trump Trump Trump Trump Trump
Oregon 8 Toss up Harris Harris Harris Harris Harris
Pennsylvania 19 Harris Toss up Toss up Toss up Toss up Trump
Rhode Island 4 Trump Harris Harris Harris Harris Harris
South Carolina 9 Trump Trump Trump Trump Trump Trump
South Dakota 3 Trump Trump Trump Trump Trump Trump
Tennessee 11 Trump Trump Trump Trump Trump Trump
Texas 40 Trump Trump Trump Trump Trump Trump
Utah 6 Harris Trump Trump Trump Trump Trump
Vermont 3 Harris Harris Harris Harris Harris Harris
Virginia 13 Harris Harris Harris Toss up Harris Harris
Washington 12 Trump Harris Harris Harris Harris Harris
West Virginia 4 Toss up Trump Trump Trump Trump Trump
Wisconsin 10 Trump Toss up Toss up Toss up Toss up Trump
Wyoming 3 Trump Trump Trump Trump Trump Trump

* Media predictions are as of Sept. 12.

* Larry Sabato is the director of the University of Virginia’s Center for Politics and a noted Electoral College expert.

* Five Thirty Eight is the website of polling expert Nate Silver, formerly of the New York Times.

* While the electoral vote in most states is winner-take-all, that’s not the case in Maine and Nebraska.

Sources: TheGreenPapers.com, Federal Election Commission, National Archives and Records Administration, the Cook Political Report, University of Virginia’s Center for Politics, CNN, FiveThirtyEight.com, RealClearPolitics.com, The Economist, Politico