Over a three-year period, wildfires charred 50,000 acres of the Custer National Forest in South Dakota. In some 1,000-acre tracts, not a single ponderosa pine tree remained to cast new seeds, and the seeds in the soil had burned up. Natural regeneration “would have taken 100 or more years,” said Dennis Sandbak, the Custer forest’s silviculturist. To speed up the process, he ordered native pine, ash and alder seedlings from the U.S. Forest Service Nursery in Coeur d’Alene.