States tackling immigration
PHOENIX, Ariz. – State legislatures around the nation are considering hundreds of proposals dealing with illegal immigration, reflecting the exasperation of many local officials with Congress’ failure to contend with the millions of undocumented workers who have entered the nation in recent years.
Here in Arizona, the House has passed a proposal to set fines and other penalties for companies that hire undocumented workers. The bill, which had regularly failed in previous years, is expected to win Senate approval within days and is only one of many proposals under consideration. Others include bills to erect an 80-mile fence and a multimillion-dollar radar system along the Mexican border, designed to slow the nightly flow of migrants through the desert. Another bill would require police to check the citizenship of anyone stopped for a traffic offense.
The state House, by a vote of 43 to 12, has passed a resolution calling on Washington to dispatch the U.S. Coast Guard to this landlocked state to assist in patrolling the border.
For the most part, the new state laws are designed to crack down on illegal immigrants, on employers who give them jobs, and on state officials who give them benefits. In some states, illegal immigrants can buy lottery tickets but cannot collect if they win a significant prize.
At the same time, though, some states are moving in the other direction – making life easier for immigrants, legal or otherwise. In April, Nebraska’s legislature overrode a gubernatorial veto to offer in-state college tuition rates to the children of illegal immigrants. Nine other states have formally authorized tuition breaks for undocumented immigrants, and many public universities employ a don’t-ask-don’t-tell policy for graduates of high schools in the states.
The multistate approach, with some states at variance with others, threatens to create a maze of laws and regulations at a time when the nation as a whole is struggling with how to contend with an unprecedented wave of illegal immigration.
“We’re not going to solve this problem with a patchwork approach at the state level. It’s a national problem, and the need is to repair the national system,” said Josh Bernstein of the National Immigration Law Center, which works to promote the rights of low-income immigrants. “We’re not going to erect barriers between states.”
Advocates on both sides said that last week’s economic boycott and rallies work to their advantage. Opponents of illegal immigration said the protests hardened their resolve, while immigrant-rights activists predicted that the large turnout will sway lawmakers to their side.
The National Conference of State Legislatures has tallied 463 bills introduced this year in 43 states, by far the biggest crop of state immigration proposals ever recorded. Ann Morse, who tracks the issue for the NCSL, said the rush of legislation demonstrates that state legislators are no longer willing to cede this high-profile political concern to Congress.
Morse cited three reasons for the unprecedented interest in immigration at the state level.
“First, there’s the reaction to 9/11 and the concern that our borders are not safe,” Morse said. “Another factor is the number of immigrants and a general sense that the influx is growing rapidly. And finally, we seem to have a Congress in gridlock on the issue. State legislators feel if they don’t act, nobody will.”
That last concern has been crucial in the legislature here, noted state Rep. Russell Pearce, a Republican who says he is “fed up” with his own party’s management of the issue in Washington.
“We had high hopes that Congress would do something this year,” Pearce said. “But Washington is ducking its responsibility. Our constituents are outraged about that. So they are demanding – and I mean demanding – that we do the job instead.”
With opinion surveys showing intense public concern about immigration this year, Congress has been sharply divided. The House passed a tough anti-immigration bill that included stiff criminal measures and costly new efforts in border control. In the Senate, many lawmakers favor a guest-worker program and finding a way to allow some illegal immigrants to seek citizenship. But, so far, the legislation has been mired in committee.
With the two houses seeming to be on divergent paths, state officials are losing hope for federal immigration initiatives this year. “If Congress were able to act, there would be much less activity in the state legislatures,” noted Bernstein.
The most common approach to immigration at the state level this year, the NCSL tally shows, is criminal legislation to impose sanctions on employers who knowingly hire illegal immigrants. More than half the states are considering employment legislation in various forms, and many bills are expected to pass.
On April 17, Republican Georgia Gov. Sonny Perdue signed a law that imposes fines on employers of undocumented workers and requires any company with a state contract to fire any employee who is not a legal resident. The Georgia law also requires that state offices verify an employee’s status before paying unemployment benefits or workers’ compensation. Similar provisions are found in pending bills in several other states.
Legislatures in Ohio, South Dakota and Arizona have passed bills this year requiring that state or local police check the immigration status of everybody they encounter, and report suspected illegal immigrants to U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement. Several other states have similar bills pending.
Many police chiefs and mayors oppose this approach, fearing that immigrants will be frightened to contact the police when they need help. But proponents argue that the initial police contact is the best time to catch somebody who should not be here. As Pearce puts it, “Deportation should start with the traffic stop.”
More than a dozen states are considering laws that would require proof of citizenship or of legal-resident status for anybody seeking a driver’s license. Some would simply deny illegal immigrants the right to drive.