Hard-core beliefs

CHICAGO – Lani Granum of Chicago has sleek and toned abdominal muscles, the kind of midriff that exudes strength. But ask the 56-year-old psychotherapist how she got such defined “abs” and she gets a little defensive.

“I hate that word, ‘abs,’ ” she said.

Granum prefers “core,” or the body’s deep muscles that stabilize and surround the torso, pelvis and spine. A strong core isn’t just how Granum stays lean, physically fit and strong; she believes it’s also the secret to her inner strength and self-confidence.

“There’s a difference between abs that look good and the core,” said Granum, a yoga instructor at Moksha Yoga Center in Chicago, during one of her classes. “If you’re strong in your core, you’re strong in yourself and strong in your place in this world. You don’t have to have six-pack abs.”

Rigid washboard abs, one of the most coveted symbols of physical perfection, are out. Core is in. And if you don’t know the difference, you could be overlooking one of the best ways to prevent back pain and injury, tone a flabby stomach, improve posture, build better balance and enhance your performance in other sports.

“If the core is stable, any and all movements of the limbs can be stronger and more powerful,” said Sara Kooperman, CEO of SCW Fitness Education, a company that trains fitness instructors.

But for some, including yoga practitioners, the benefits of a strong core run even deeper.

“It’s more than just our physical center,” renowned yoga instructor Shiva Rea said in the introduction of her “Creative Core Abs” DVD. “It’s our inner fire which connects all aspects of ourselves: physical, mental and spiritual.”

The body recruits four separate abdominal muscles to support and help move the torso, but most people tend to work just one: the visible and superficial rectus abdominis, better known as the “six-pack” muscle.

The core, on the other hand, is a mostly invisible system of deep muscles, nerves and connective tissue, said Cynthia Neville, director of women’s health rehabilitation at the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago.

The core muscles, which must work together as a team, include the pelvic floor, the transverse abdominis (the ab muscle that acts as a muscular girdle for the organs), the deepest layers of back muscles and the diaphragm.

It addition to linking together the upper and lower body, the core is the foundation for all other athletic motion. If you want to throw a ball, for example, the core should stabilize the pelvis and trunk first, Neville said. The arm uses this support base to generate throwing force. It was this principle that made Nolan Ryan one of the most feared pitchers of all time. It’s also made Tiger Woods perhaps the greatest golfer of all time.

If the core muscles aren’t the first ones to contract and prepare the body for movement – the result of inactivity from, say, sitting hunched over a computer all day – they need to be retrained.

“When core muscles are strong and toned, they work together to support your spine and to stabilize and preserve your posture, which reduces your risk for back injuries,” said wellness expert Jorge Cruise, author of “The 12-Second Sequence” (Crown, $25.95).

When they’re weak – a common occurrence after childbirth – it can put you at risk for spinal injuries, back pain, poor posture, urinary incontinence and breathing disorders, Neville said.

In fact, if the core muscles aren’t firing right, abdominal work could make matters worse by giving you a protruding belly instead of a flat, sleek tummy.

“This is often the combined result of poor posture, incorrectly performing abdominal crunches and neglecting to train your transverse abdominis the flat sheet of muscle lying beneath your six-pack muscle,” said Anita Bean, author of “Fab Abs” (McGraw Hill, $10.95).

To fix this, Bean recommends gently drawing your belly button toward your spine during all abdominal exercises, flattening rather than crunching your midsection. Specific exercises that target the TVA, such as the plank, pelvic tilt and ab exercises on an exercise ball, also can help.

“Even when you’re not exercising – when you’re sitting, standing or walking – try to keep your hips ‘neutral’ by gently tightening your TVA muscle,” she said.

Most people, however, resist doing core work, in part because they mistakenly think it means endless sit-ups. It’s considered grunt work – something that has to be done – and motivation wanes when you can’t see the muscle you’re working.

Meanwhile, the popular notion that abs should be rock hard can be discouraging, especially because diet is a factor; saturated fats and simple and processed sugars help create love handles.

In fact, that idea that washboard abs equal physical perfection is “really very detrimental to society and absolutely untrue,” said Chicago yoga instructor Steve Emmerman. “Equally untrue is the idea that the abs should be a rigid, tight area that constricts breath, life force and energy intake. Abs should be strong in all directions, not just pulling in and holding.”

Emmerman, who specializes in the Ana Forrest style of yoga, which emphasizes the core, also believes a strong midsection is important because it’s where people hold emotional issues and stress. “This pattern of holding painful experiences and emotions in our cell tissue leads to any number of illnesses,” he said. “Core strengthening, if done in a conscious way, can excise these toxins.”

Classes in pilates or yoga or “core fusion” sessions held at Exhale are all effective ways to start core work. The American Council on Exercise calls the “bicycle maneuver” the most effective abdominal exercise, while fitness equipment that creates instability, including Dyna discs, physio or fit balls and the Bosu ball, also can be effective tools.

“I’ll work my triceps and biceps standing on a Dyna disc so I have to engage my core to remain stable on the disc,” said Buffalo Grove’s Leni Kass, 47, who first began working her core in 1997 after a car accident left her with multiple injuries. “In fact, just about every weight-lifting exercise I do, I first engage my core.”

Granum’s staple core-strengtheners include teaching and practicing yoga, walking three to five miles a day and practicing yoga breathing exercises. When she uses equipment, she uses a stability ball, a 4-pound hula hoop and an Indo Board Balance Trainer.

But simply plugging into her core – and knowing it is resilient – has helped her through some tough times. When her 19-year-old son, Zak Feldman, recently returned home from college and stayed for a month, Granum said it was her core strength that kept her sane.

“De-idealization hit hard and he was dismayed to realize his parents weren’t the god and goddess of his childhood anymore,” she said.

“But we can get to a more useful place if he can cut us down and we can hold our own. Good self-esteem equals a strong core. It’s the center everything emanates from.”